Résidence fiscale en Japan : le test des 183 jours
Seuil de 183 jours
Comment la règle des 183 jours fonctionne en Japan
Japan treats anyone with a domicile or 1+ year of residence as a tax resident. The 183 day rule applies mainly to treaty contexts.
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Si vous dépassez 183 jours, Japan peut imposer vos revenus mondiaux en tant que résident fiscal. Les conséquences exactes dépendent de votre situation personnelle, des conventions fiscales applicables et du type de revenus concerné.
Comment le décompte fonctionne
Japan does not lean on a 183 day rule for domestic residency. Instead, you are a resident (a "kyojusha") if you have a "jusho", which is your domicile or the base of your living, in Japan. Failing that, you become resident if you maintain a "kyoshou", a place of abode, in Japan continuously for one year or more. Domicile is presumed where the centre of your life is.
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The one year test looks for continuous residence. Short trips abroad usually do not break the chain, but a substantial absence with no Japanese base behind you can reset the count.
Au-delà du simple décompte
Inside Japanese tax residency there is a further split that matters for foreign income. You are a permanent resident if you are a Japanese national, or a non Japanese person who has had a domicile or aggregate residence in Japan exceeding 5 of the past 10 years. Otherwise you are a non permanent resident, taxed on Japanese source income and on foreign income only when it is paid in or remitted to Japan.
Régimes fiscaux spéciaux
Japan does not run a formal expat regime, but the non permanent resident status effectively functions as one. For the first five years of Japanese residency, many newcomers shelter their foreign source income from Japanese tax by simply not remitting it.
Conventions fiscales
Japanese treaties broadly follow the OECD model. The 183 day rule does appear, but in the employment income article, where it splits taxing rights between Japan and a worker's home country.
Questions fréquentes
Is there a 183 day rule for Japanese tax residency?
Not under domestic law. Japan looks at domicile and continuous one year residence instead. The 183 day rule shows up in tax treaties, where it allocates taxing rights for short term assignees between Japan and their home country.
How does non permanent resident status help?
A non Japanese person with Japanese tax residency for five or fewer of the past ten years pays Japanese tax only on Japanese source income, plus any foreign income that is actually paid into or remitted to Japan. Foreign income kept outside Japan is generally not taxed at all.
Does buying a home in Japan create residency?
It is a strong factor in establishing domicile, but not enough on its own. The NTA looks at the wider picture: where your family is, where your work happens, where your social life sits, and so on.
Source officielle: https://www.nta.go.jp/english/index.htm
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